Showing posts with label Unix stuff. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Unix stuff. Show all posts
Thursday, July 28, 2011
Sticky Bit (-rwsr-xr-x Unix file permission)
Everybody handling a Unix operating system would very well know what
chmod 777 means. That the owner, group and the user of the file is given
all permissions (Read, Write and Execute on a particular file). This
could otherwise be written as “chmod ugo+rwx “. Meaning that you are
giving User, Group and Owner of the file, the rights to Read, Write and
Execute the file.
AIX commands you should not leave home without
Kernel
How would I know if I am running a 32-bit kernel or 64-bit kernel?
To display if the kernel is 32-bit enabled or 64-bit enabled, type:
bootinfo -K
How do I know if I am running a uniprocessor kernel or a multiprocessor kernel?
/unix is a symbolic link to the booted kernel. To find out what kernel mode is running, enter ls -l /unix and see what file /unix it links to. The following are the three possible outputs from the ls -l /unix command and their corresponding kernels:
/unix -> /usr/lib/boot/unix_up # 32 bit uniprocessor kernel
/unix -> /usr/lib/boot/unix_mp # 32 bit multiprocessor kernel
/unix -> /usr/lib/boot/unix_64 # 64 bit multiprocessor kernel
Note:
AIX 5L Version 5.3 does not support a uniprocessor kernel.
How can I change from one kernel mode to another?
During the installation process, one of the kernels, appropriate for the AIX version and the hardware in operation, is enabled by default. Let us use the method from the previous question and assume the 32-bit kernel is enabled. Let us also assume that you want to boot it up in the 64-bit kernel mode. This can be done by executing the following commands in sequence:
ln -sf /usr/lib/boot/unix_64 /unix
ln -sf /usr/lib/boot/unix_64 /usr/lib/boot/unix
bosboot -ad /dev/hdiskxx
shutdown -r
The /dev/hdiskxx directory is where the boot logical volume /dev/hd5 is located. To find out what xx is in hdiskxx, run the following command:
lslv -m hd5
Note:
In AIX 5.2, the 32-bit kernel is installed by default. In AIX 5.3, the 64-bit kernel is installed on 64-bit hardware and the 32-bit kernel is installed on 32-bit hardware by default.
Hardware
How would I know if my machine is capable of running AIX 5L Version 5.3?
AIX 5L Version 5.3 runs on all currently supported CHRP (Common Hardware Reference Platform)-based POWER hardware.
How would I know if my machine is CHRP-based?
Run the prtconf command. If it's a CHRP machine, the string chrp appears on the Model Architecture line.
How would I know if my System p machine (hardware) is 32-bit or 64-bit?
To display if the hardware is 32-bit or 64-bit, type:
bootinfo -y
How much real memory does my machine have?
To display real memory in kilobytes (KB), type one of the following:
bootinfo -r
lsattr -El sys0 -a realmem
Can my machine run the 64-bit kernel?
64-bit hardware is required to run the 64-bit kernel.
What are the values of attributes for devices in my system?
To list the current values of the attributes for the tape device, rmt0, type:
lsattr -l rmt0 -E
To list the default values of the attributes for the tape device, rmt0, type:
lsattr -l rmt0 -D
To list the possible values of the login attribute for the TTY device, tty0, type:
lsattr -l tty0 -a login -R
To display system level attributes, type:
lsattr -E -l sys0
How many processors does my system have?
To display the number of processors on your system, type:
lscfg | grep proc
How many hard disks does my system have and which ones are in use?
To display the number of hard disks on your system, type:
lspv
How do I list information about a specific physical volume?
To find details about hdisk1, for example, run the following command:
lspv hdisk1
How do I get a detailed configuration of my system?
Type the following:
lscfg
The following options provide specific information:
-p Displays platform-specific device information. The flag is applicable to AIX 4.2.1 or later.
-v Displays the VPD (Vital Product Database) found in the customized VPD object class.
For example, to display details about the tape drive, rmt0, type:
lscfg -vl rmt0
You can obtain very similar information by running the prtconf command.
How do I find out the chip type, system name, node name, model number, and so forth?
The uname command provides details about your system.
uname -p Displays the chip type of the system. For example, PowerPC.
uname -r Displays the release number of the operating system.
uname -s Displays the system name. For example, AIX.
uname -n Displays the name of the node.
uname -a Displays the system name, nodename, version, machine ID.
uname -M Displays the system model name. For example, IBM, 9114-275.
uname -v Displays the operating system version.
uname -m Displays the machine ID number of the hardware running the system.
uname -u Displays the system ID number.
AIX
What version, release, and maintenance level of AIX is running on my system?
Type one of the following:
oslevel -r
lslpp -h bos.rte
How can I determine which fileset updates are missing from a particular AIX level?
To determine which fileset updates are missing from 5300-04, for example, run the following command:
oslevel -rl 5300-04
What SP (Service Pack) is installed on my system?
To see which SP is currently installed on the system, run the oslevel -s command. Sample output for an AIX 5L Version 5.3 system, with TL4, and SP2 installed would be:
oslevel –s
5300-04-02
Is a CSP (Concluding Service Pack) installed on my system?
To see if a CSP is currently installed on the system, run the oslevel -s command. Sample output for an AIX 5L Version 5.3 system, with TL3, and CSP installed would be:
oslevel –s
5300-03-CSP
How do I create a file system?
The following command will create, within volume group testvg, a jfs file system of 10MB with mounting point /fs1:
crfs -v jfs -g testvg -a size=10M -m /fs1
The following command will create, within volume group testvg, a jfs2 file system of 10MB with mounting point /fs2 and having read only permissions:
crfs -v jfs2 -g testvg -a size=10M -p ro -m /fs2
How do I change the size of a file system?
To increase the /usr file system size by 1000000 512-byte blocks, type:
chfs -a size=+1000000 /usr
Note:
In AIX 5.3, the size of a JFS2 file system can be shrunk as well.
How do I mount a CD?
Type the following:
mount -V cdrfs -o ro /dev/cd0 /cdrom
How do I mount a file system?
The following command will mount file system /dev/fslv02 on the /test directory:
mount /dev/fslv02 /test
How do I mount all default file systems (all standard file systems in the /etc/filesystems file marked by the mount=true attribute)?
The following command will mount all such file systems:
mount {-a|all}
How do I unmount a file system?
Type the following command to unmount /test file system:
umount /test
How do I display mounted file systems?
Type the following command to display information about all currently mounted file systems:
mount
How do I remove a file system?
Type the following command to remove the /test file system:
rmfs /test
How can I defragment a file system?
The defragfs command can be used to improve or report the status of contiguous space within a file system. For example, to defragment the file system /home, use the following command:
defragfs /home
Which fileset contains a particular binary?
To show bos.acct contains /usr/bin/vmstat, type:
lslpp -w /usr/bin/vmstat
Or to show bos.perf.tools contains /usr/bin/svmon, type:
which_fileset svmon
How do I display information about installed filesets on my system?
Type the following:
lslpp -l
How do I determine if all filesets of maintenance levels are installed on my system?
Type the following:
instfix -i | grep ML
How do I determine if a fix is installed on my system?
To determine if IY24043 is installed, type:
instfix -ik IY24043
How do I install an individual fix by APAR?
To install APAR IY73748 from /dev/cd0, for example, enter the command:
instfix -k IY73748 -d /dev/cd0
How do I verify if filesets have required prerequisites and are completely installed?
To show which filesets need to be installed or corrected, type:
lppchk -v
How do I get a dump of the header of the loader section and the symbol entries in symbolic representation?
Type the following:
dump -Htv
How do I determine the amount of paging space allocated and in use?
Type the following:
lsps -a
How do I increase a paging space?
You can use the chps -s command to dynamically increase the size of a paging space. For example, if you want to increase the size of hd6 with 3 logical partitions, you issue the following command:
chps -s 3 hd6
How do I reduce a paging space?
You can use the chps -d command to dynamically reduce the size of a paging space. For example, if you want to decrease the size of hd6 with four logical partitions, you issue the following command:
chps -d 4 hd6
How would I know if my system is capable of using Simultaneous Multi-threading (SMT)?
Your system is capable of SMT if it's a POWER5-based system running AIX 5L Version 5.3.
How would I know if SMT is enabled for my system?
If you run the smtctl command without any options, it tells you if it's enabled or not.
Is SMT supported for the 32-bit kernel?
Yes, SMT is supported for both 32-bit and 64-bit kernel.
How do I enable or disable SMT?
You can enable or disable SMT by running the smtctl command. The following is the syntax:
smtctl [ -m off | on [ -w boot | now]]
The following options are available:
-m off Sets SMT mode to disabled.
-m on Sets SMT mode to enabled.
-w boot Makes the SMT mode change effective on next and subsequent reboots if you run the bosboot command before the next system reboot.
-w now Makes the SMT mode change immediately but will not persist across reboot.
If neither the -w boot or the -w now options are specified, then the mode change is made immediately. It persists across subsequent reboots if you run the bosboot command before the next system reboot.
How do I get partition-specific information and statistics?
The lparstat command provides a report of partition information and utilization statistics. This command also provides a display of Hypervisor information.
Volume groups and logical volumes
How do I know if my volume group is normal, big, or scalable?
Run the lsvg command on the volume group and look at the value for MAX PVs. The value is 32 for normal, 128 for big, and 1024 for scalable volume group.
How to create a volume group?
Use the following command, where spartition_size sets the number of megabytes (MB) in each physical partition where the partition_size is expressed in units of MB from 1 through 1024. (It's 1 through 131072 for AIX 5.3.) The partition_size variable must be equal to a power of 2 (for example: 1, 2, 4, 8). The default value for standard and big volume groups is the lowest value to remain within the limitation of 1016 physical partitions per physical volume. The default value for scalable volume groups is the lowest value to accommodate 2040 physical partitions per physical volume.
mkvg -y name_of_volume_group -s partition_size list_of_hard_disks
How can I change the characteristics of a volume group?
You use the following command to change the characteristics of a volume group:
chvg
How do I create a logical volume?
Type the following:
mklv -y name_of_logical_volume name_of_volume_group number_of_partition
How do I increase the size of a logical volume?
To increase the size of the logical volume represented by the lv05 directory by three logical partitions, for example, type:
extendlv lv05 3
How do I display all logical volumes that are part of a volume group (for example, rootvg)?
You can display all logical volumes that are part of rootvg by typing the following command:
lsvg -l rootvg
How do I list information about logical volumes?
Run the following command to display information about the logical volume lv1:
lslv lv1
How do I remove a logical volume?
You can remove the logical volume lv7 by running the following command:
rmlv lv7
The rmlv command removes only the logical volume, but does not remove other entities, such as file systems or paging spaces that were using the logical volume.
How do I mirror a logical volume?
1. mklvcopy LogicalVolumeName Numberofcopies
2. syncvg VolumeGroupName
How do I remove a copy of a logical volume?
You can use the rmlvcopy command to remove copies of logical partitions of a logical volume. To reduce the number of copies of each logical partition belonging to logical volume testlv, enter:
rmlvcopy testlv 2
Each logical partition in the logical volume now has at most two physical partitions.
Queries about volume groups
To show volume groups in the system, type:
lsvg
To show all the characteristics of rootvg, type:
lsvg rootvg
To show disks used by rootvg, type:
lsvg -p rootvg
How to add a disk to a volume group?
Type the following:
extendvg VolumeGroupName hdisk0 hdisk1 ... hdiskn
How do I find out what the maximum supported logical track group (LTG) size of my hard disk?
You can use the lquerypv command with the -M flag. The output gives the LTG size in KB. For instance, the LTG size for hdisk0 in the following example is 256 KB.
/usr/sbin/lquerypv -M hdisk0
256
You can also run the lspv command on the hard disk and look at the value for MAX REQUEST.
What does syncvg command do?
The syncvg command is used to synchronize stale physical partitions. It accepts names of logical volumes, physical volumes, or volume groups as parameters.
For example, to synchronize the physical partitions located on physical volumes hdisk6 and hdisk7, use:
syncvg -p hdisk4 hdisk5
To synchronize all physical partitions from volume group testvg, use:
syncvg -v testvg
How do I replace a disk?
1. extendvg VolumeGroupName hdisk_new
2. migratepv hdisk_bad hdisk_new
3. reducevg -d VolumeGroupName hdisk_bad
How can I clone (make a copy of ) the rootvg?
You can run the alt_disk_copy command to copy the current rootvg to an alternate disk. The following example shows how to clone the rootvg to hdisk1.
alt_disk_copy -d hdisk1
Network
How can I display or set values for network parameters?
The no command sets or displays current or next boot values for network tuning parameters.
How do I get the IP address of my machine?
Type one of the following:
ifconfig -a
host Fully_Qualified_Host_Name
For example, type host cyclop.austin.ibm.com.
How do I identify the network interfaces on my server?
Either of the following two commands will display the network interfaces:
lsdev -Cc if
ifconfig -a
To get information about one specific network interface, for example, tr0, run the command:
ifconfig tr0
How do I activate a network interface?
To activate the network interface tr0, run the command:
ifconfig tr0 up
How do I deactivate a network interface?
For example, to deactivate the network interface tr0, run the command:
ifconfig tr0 down
Sunday, February 21, 2010
Useful UNIX commands for WebSphere Application server...
These are some useful commands that i came across when administrating WebSphere Application Server. Note these commands are specifically written for LINUX but most of them would for other UNIX platforms like Solaris, AIX and other flavours of LINUX like SUSE or REDHAT.
Performance related Commands to monitor system performance
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1) Find the process that uses most CPU
ps -eo pcpu,pid,user,args
sort -k 1 -r
head -2
(eg) output of the above command when websphere server process is utilizing the most of the CPU
%CPU PID USER COMMAND
71.7 31237 root /cust/IBM/WebSphere/AppServer/java/bin/java -Xbootclasspath/p:/cust/IBM/WebSphere/AppServer/java/jre/lib/ext/ibmorb.jar:/cust/IBM/WebSphere/AppServer/java/jre/lib/ext/ibmext.jar -Dwas.status.socket=54859 -classpath
/cust/IBM/WebSphere/AppServer/profiles/AppSrv02/properties:/cust/IBM/WebSphere/AppSer
Performance related Commands to monitor system performance
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1) Find the process that uses most CPU
ps -eo pcpu,pid,user,args
sort -k 1 -r
head -2
(eg) output of the above command when websphere server process is utilizing the most of the CPU
%CPU PID USER COMMAND
71.7 31237 root /cust/IBM/WebSphere/AppServer/java/bin/java -Xbootclasspath/p:/cust/IBM/WebSphere/AppServer/java/jre/lib/ext/ibmorb.jar:/cust/IBM/WebSphere/AppServer/java/jre/lib/ext/ibmext.jar -Dwas.status.socket=54859 -classpath
/cust/IBM/WebSphere/AppServer/profiles/AppSrv02/properties:/cust/IBM/WebSphere/AppSer
Thursday, February 18, 2010
Most used commands in WAS
1) Tell me the command to find RAM size in AIX/Unix?
A) prtconf only for AIX.
2) Command to find disk free space?
A) Df –k or m
3) In ls -lrt, what t stands for and r stands for l stands for?
A)-l shows you huge amounts of information (permissions, owners, size, and when last modified.)
-r reverses the order of how the files are displayed.
-t shows you the files in modification time
4) How to check a particular port is listening or not in UNIX?
A) netstat -a
grep 80
5) How do you perform heap dump and thread dump?
A) Kill -3 <>
6). How to check disk usage in Linux or UNIX?
A) Du -k
7). How to check the multiple NIC in Unix or Linux?
A) ifconfig -a
8). How to identify and kill a process ID?
A) Ps –ef
9) How to find the process id (PID) using port no?for example 80 is the port no
A) lsof -i TCP:80
10) To find the no.of running JAVA process
A) ps -ef
grep java
wc -l
11) How to find out that a port is listening on remote Box ? Example 80 is the pot no
A) telnet Hostname 80
12) What to see only last 10 lines of a log file ?
A) tail -10 logfilename
A) prtconf only for AIX.
2) Command to find disk free space?
A) Df –k or m
3) In ls -lrt, what t stands for and r stands for l stands for?
A)-l shows you huge amounts of information (permissions, owners, size, and when last modified.)
-r reverses the order of how the files are displayed.
-t shows you the files in modification time
4) How to check a particular port is listening or not in UNIX?
A) netstat -a
grep 80
5) How do you perform heap dump and thread dump?
A) Kill -3 <
6). How to check disk usage in Linux or UNIX?
A) Du -k
7). How to check the multiple NIC in Unix or Linux?
A) ifconfig -a
8). How to identify and kill a process ID?
A) Ps –ef
9) How to find the process id (PID) using port no?for example 80 is the port no
A) lsof -i TCP:80
10) To find the no.of running JAVA process
A) ps -ef
grep java
wc -l
11) How to find out that a port is listening on remote Box ? Example 80 is the pot no
A) telnet Hostname 80
12) What to see only last 10 lines of a log file ?
A) tail -10 logfilename
Wednesday, February 17, 2010
Unix commands
Files
ls -l --- lists your files in 'long format', which contains lots of useful information, e.g. the exact size of the file, who owns the file and who has the right to look at it, and when it was last modified.
ls -a --- lists all files, including the ones whose filenames begin in a dot, which you do not always want to see.
ls -altr - a option is to show the hidden files
more filename --- shows the first part of a file, just as much as will fit on one screen. Just hit the space bar to see more or q to quit. You can use /pattern to search for a pattern.
emacs filename --- is an editor that lets you create and edit a file.
rm -f file name to delete files without interation
cp file1 file2 copies file1 to file2
chmod 777 filename ------- to give all permissions (read 4, Write 2, execute 1)
chmod 644 filename to give write permissions
diff filename1 filename2 --- compares files, and shows where they differ
wc filename --- tells you how many lines, words, and characters there are in a file
Directories:
mkdir dirname --- make a new directory
cd dirname --- change directory. You basically 'go' to another directory, and you will see the files in that directory when you do 'ls'. You always start out in your 'home directory', and you can get back there by typing 'cd' without arguments. 'cd ..' will get you one level up from your current position. You don't have to walk along step by step - you can make big leaps or avoid walking around by specifying pathnames
rm -r dirname to delete directory
pwd --- tells you where you currently are.
File Compression:
Making Archive file:
tar -cvf tarfilename(samlogserver).tar file1 file2.. to make tar file of files1,file2........
gzip filename --- compresses files, so that they take up much less space. Usually text files compress to about half their original size, but it depends very much on the size of the file and the nature of the contents. There are other tools for this purpose, too (e.g. compress), but gzip usually gives the highest compression rate. Gzip produces files with the ending '.gz' appended to the original filename.
gunzip filename --- uncompresses files compressed by gzip.
gzcat filename --- lets you look at a gzipped file without actually having to gunzip it (same as gunzip -c). You can even print it directly, using gzcat filename | lpr
gzcat tarfilename tar-xvf
gzip tarfilename ( Compresses the archived tar file)
gunzip gzfilename
jar -tvf jar file name --- it shows list of classes in the jar file
zip filename.zip filename - zipping a file and opening a file in windows
Printing:
lpr filename --- print. Use the -P option to specify the printer name if you want to use a printer other than your default printer. For example, if you want to print double-sided, use 'lpr -Pvalkyr-d', or if you're at CSLI, you may want to use 'lpr -Pcord115-d'. See 'help printers' for more information about printers and their locations.
lpq --- check out the printer queue, e.g. to get the number needed for removal, or to see how many other files will be printed before yours will come out
lprm jobnumber --- remove something from the printer queue. You can find the job number by using lpq. Theoretically you also have to specify a printer name, but this isn't necessary as long as you use your default printer in the department.
genscript --- converts plain text files into postscript for printing, and gives you some options for formatting. Consider making an alias like alias ecop 'genscript -2 -r \!* | lpr -h -Pvalkyr' to print two pages on one piece of paper.
dvips filename --- print .dvi files (i.e. files produced by LaTeX). You can use dviselect to print only selected pages. See the LaTeX page for more information about how to save paper when printing drafts.
Disk Size:
du -hs file name/directory ----------- to get the size of the file/directory
df -h ------ size of each mount
du -hs SUNWam -------- to get the size of SUNWam file/directory
Finding things
ff --- find files anywhere on the system. This can be extremely useful if you've forgotten in which directory you put a file, but do remember the name. In fact, if you use ff -p you don't even need the full name, just the beginning. This can also be useful for finding other things on the system, e.g. documentation.
grep string filename(s) --- looks for the string in the files. This can be useful a lot of purposes, e.g. finding the right file among many, figuring out which is the right version of something, and even doing serious corpus work. grep comes in several varieties (grep, egrep, and fgrep) and has a lot of very flexible options. Check out the man pages if this sounds good to you
find ./ -name 'direcorty or file name' ----------------- finds the given direcorty or file name.
find . -name *.log -exec grep -il oracle {} ;
find . name *.* -exec grep -il 'Enter new PIN, containing 4 to 8 characters' {};
find . | xargs grep "p-level Policy Admin Role,ou=role,dc=dupont,dc=com,amsdkdn=cn"
find . | xargs grep stg
:1,$s/^M//g ------- to remove ^M character from vi editor
:%s/^M//g --------------to remove ^M character from vi editor
Miscellanious:
lsof | grep slapd | grep LISTEN --------- to find portnumber of the various slapd instances
lsof | grep ldaprole | grep LISTEN -------- to find portnumber of various ldaprole instances
ps -ef | grep slapd ---- to find the DS Instances are running or not
export PATH=$PATH:/opt/sfw/bin -------------- to export the bin path
kill -9 PID
Kill PID
nohup Run the command in the background
& Run the command even if Putty gets logged out
gzip -dc "filename.tar.gz" | tar -xof - ( For
Roles:
id to get the current ID
sudo su - eisadmin to get eisadmin permissions
sudo stop/start
sudo -l to get the list of sudo permissions
sudo su - root ------ to get the root permissions
sudo su - ldaprole to get ldaprole permission
About other people:
w --- tells you who's logged in, and what they're doing. Especially useful: the 'idle' part. This allows you to see whether they're actually sitting there typing away at their keyboards right at the moment.
who --- tells you who's logged on, and where they're coming from. Useful if you're looking for someone who's actually physically in the same building as you, or in some other particular location.
finger username --- gives you lots of information about that user, e.g. when they last read their mail and whether they're logged in. Often people put other practical information, such as phone numbers and addresses, in a file called .plan. This information is also displayed by 'finger'.
last -1 username --- tells you when the user last logged on and off and from where. Without any options, last will give you a list of everyone's logins.
talk username --- lets you have a (typed) conversation with another user
write username --- lets you exchange one-line messages with another user
elm --- lets you send e-mail messages to people around the world (and, of course, read them). It's not the only mailer you can use, but the one we recommend. See the elm page, and find out about the departmental mailing lists (which you can also find in /user/linguistics/helpfile).
About your self
whoami --- returns your username. Sounds useless, but isn't. You may need to find out who it is who forgot to log out somewhere, and make sure *you* have logged out.
finger & .plan files
of course you can finger yourself, too. That can be useful e.g. as a quick check whether you got new mail. Try to create a useful .plan file soon. Look at other people's .plan files for ideas. The file needs to be readable for everyone in order to be visible through 'finger'. Do 'chmod a+r .plan' if necessary. You should realize that this information is accessible from anywhere in the world, not just to other people on turing.
passwd --- lets you change your password, which you should do regularly (at least once a year). See the LRB guide and/or look at help password.
ps -u yourusername --- lists your processes. Contains lots of information about them, including the process ID, which you need if you have to kill a process. Normally, when you have been kicked out of a dialin session or have otherwise managed to get yourself disconnected abruptly, this list will contain the processes you need to kill. Those may include the shell (tcsh or whatever you're using), and anything you were running, for example emacs or elm. Be careful not to kill your current shell - the one with the number closer to the one of the ps command you're currently running. But if it happens, don't panic. Just try again :) If you're using an X-display you may have to kill some X processes before you can start them again. These will show only when you use ps -efl, because they're root processes.
kill PID --- kills (ends) the processes with the ID you gave. This works only for your own processes, of course. Get the ID by using ps. If the process doesn't 'die' properly, use the option -9. But attempt without that option first, because it doesn't give the process a chance to finish possibly important business before dying. You may need to kill processes for example if your modem connection was interrupted and you didn't get logged out properly, which sometimes happens.
quota -v --- show what your disk quota is (i.e. how much space you have to store files), how much you're actually using, and in case you've exceeded your quota (which you'll be given an automatic warning about by the system) how much time you have left to sort them out (by deleting or gzipping some, or moving them to your own computer).
du filename --- shows the disk usage of the files and directories in filename (without argument the current directory is used). du -s gives only a total.
last yourusername --- lists your last logins. Can be a useful memory aid for when you were where, how long you've been working for, and keeping track of your phonebill if you're making a non-local phonecall for dialling in.
Connecting to the outside world
nn --- allows you to read news. It will first let you read the news local to turing, and then the remote news. If you want to read only the local or remote news, you can use nnl or nnr, respectively. To learn more about nn type nn, then \tty{:man}, then \tty{=.*}, then \tty{Z}, then hit the space bar to step through the manual. Or look at the man page. Or check out the hypertext nn FAQ - probably the easiest and most fun way to go.
rlogin hostname --- lets you connect to a remote host
telnet hostname --- also lets you connect to a remote host. Use rlogin whenever possible.
ftp hostname --- lets you download files from a remote host which is set up as an ftp-server. This is a common method for exchanging academic papers and drafts. If you need to make a paper of yours available in this way, you can (temporarily) put a copy in /user/ftp/pub/TMP. For more permanent solutions, ask Emma. The most important commands within ftp are get for getting files from the remote machine, and put for putting them there (mget and mput let you specify more than one file at once). Sounds straightforward, but be sure not to confuse the two, especially when your physical location doesn't correspond to the direction of the ftp connection you're making. ftp just overwrites files with the same filename. If you're transferring anything other than ASCII text, use binary mode.
lynx --- lets you browse the web from an ordinary terminal. Of course you can see only the text, not the pictures. You can type any URL as an argument to the G command. When you're doing this from any Stanford host you can leave out the .stanford.edu part of the URL when connecting to Stanford URLs. Type H at any time to learn more about lynx, and Q to exit
date --- shows the current date and time.
cal --- shows a calendar of the current month. Use e.g., 'cal 10 1995' to get that for October 95, or 'cal 1995' to get the whole year
VI Editor Commands:
Saving a file:
:w write current contents to file named in original vi call
:w newfile write current contents to a new file named newfile
:w! prevfile write current contents over a pre-existing file named prevfile
Exit vi:
:x quit vi, writing out modified file to file named in original invocation
:wq quit vi, writing out modified file to file named in original invocation
:q quit (or exit) vi
:q! quit vi even though latest changes have not been saved for this vi call
Moving the Cursor:
j or [or down-arrow] move cursor down one line
k [or up-arrow] move cursor up one line
0 (zero) move cursor to start of current line (the one with the cursor)
$ move cursor to end of current line
:0 or 1G move cursor to first line in file
:$ or G move cursor to last line in file
Screen Manipulation:
^f move forward one screen
^b move backward one screen
Text Editor:
u UNDO WHATEVER YOU JUST DID; a simple toggle
i insert text before cursor, until hit
I insert text at beginning of current line, until hit
a append text after cursor, until hit
A append text to end of current line, until hit
o open and put text in a new line below current line, until hit
O open and put text in a new line above current line, until hit
r replace single character under cursor (no needed)
x delete single character under cursor
dd delete entire current line
D delete the remainder of the line, starting with current cursor position
yy copy (yank, cut) the current line into the buffer
p put (paste) the line(s) in the buffer into the text after the current line
/string search forward for occurrence of string in text
?string search backward for occurrence of string in text
ls -l --- lists your files in 'long format', which contains lots of useful information, e.g. the exact size of the file, who owns the file and who has the right to look at it, and when it was last modified.
ls -a --- lists all files, including the ones whose filenames begin in a dot, which you do not always want to see.
ls -altr - a option is to show the hidden files
more filename --- shows the first part of a file, just as much as will fit on one screen. Just hit the space bar to see more or q to quit. You can use /pattern to search for a pattern.
emacs filename --- is an editor that lets you create and edit a file.
rm -f file name to delete files without interation
cp file1 file2 copies file1 to file2
chmod 777 filename ------- to give all permissions (read 4, Write 2, execute 1)
chmod 644 filename to give write permissions
diff filename1 filename2 --- compares files, and shows where they differ
wc filename --- tells you how many lines, words, and characters there are in a file
Directories:
mkdir dirname --- make a new directory
cd dirname --- change directory. You basically 'go' to another directory, and you will see the files in that directory when you do 'ls'. You always start out in your 'home directory', and you can get back there by typing 'cd' without arguments. 'cd ..' will get you one level up from your current position. You don't have to walk along step by step - you can make big leaps or avoid walking around by specifying pathnames
rm -r dirname to delete directory
pwd --- tells you where you currently are.
File Compression:
Making Archive file:
tar -cvf tarfilename(samlogserver).tar file1 file2.. to make tar file of files1,file2........
gzip filename --- compresses files, so that they take up much less space. Usually text files compress to about half their original size, but it depends very much on the size of the file and the nature of the contents. There are other tools for this purpose, too (e.g. compress), but gzip usually gives the highest compression rate. Gzip produces files with the ending '.gz' appended to the original filename.
gunzip filename --- uncompresses files compressed by gzip.
gzcat filename --- lets you look at a gzipped file without actually having to gunzip it (same as gunzip -c). You can even print it directly, using gzcat filename | lpr
gzcat tarfilename tar-xvf
gzip tarfilename ( Compresses the archived tar file)
gunzip gzfilename
jar -tvf jar file name --- it shows list of classes in the jar file
zip filename.zip filename - zipping a file and opening a file in windows
Printing:
lpr filename --- print. Use the -P option to specify the printer name if you want to use a printer other than your default printer. For example, if you want to print double-sided, use 'lpr -Pvalkyr-d', or if you're at CSLI, you may want to use 'lpr -Pcord115-d'. See 'help printers' for more information about printers and their locations.
lpq --- check out the printer queue, e.g. to get the number needed for removal, or to see how many other files will be printed before yours will come out
lprm jobnumber --- remove something from the printer queue. You can find the job number by using lpq. Theoretically you also have to specify a printer name, but this isn't necessary as long as you use your default printer in the department.
genscript --- converts plain text files into postscript for printing, and gives you some options for formatting. Consider making an alias like alias ecop 'genscript -2 -r \!* | lpr -h -Pvalkyr' to print two pages on one piece of paper.
dvips filename --- print .dvi files (i.e. files produced by LaTeX). You can use dviselect to print only selected pages. See the LaTeX page for more information about how to save paper when printing drafts.
Disk Size:
du -hs file name/directory ----------- to get the size of the file/directory
df -h ------ size of each mount
du -hs SUNWam -------- to get the size of SUNWam file/directory
Finding things
ff --- find files anywhere on the system. This can be extremely useful if you've forgotten in which directory you put a file, but do remember the name. In fact, if you use ff -p you don't even need the full name, just the beginning. This can also be useful for finding other things on the system, e.g. documentation.
grep string filename(s) --- looks for the string in the files. This can be useful a lot of purposes, e.g. finding the right file among many, figuring out which is the right version of something, and even doing serious corpus work. grep comes in several varieties (grep, egrep, and fgrep) and has a lot of very flexible options. Check out the man pages if this sounds good to you
find ./ -name 'direcorty or file name' ----------------- finds the given direcorty or file name.
find . -name *.log -exec grep -il oracle {} ;
find . name *.* -exec grep -il 'Enter new PIN, containing 4 to 8 characters' {};
find . | xargs grep "p-level Policy Admin Role,ou=role,dc=dupont,dc=com,amsdkdn=cn"
find . | xargs grep stg
:1,$s/^M//g ------- to remove ^M character from vi editor
:%s/^M//g --------------to remove ^M character from vi editor
Miscellanious:
lsof | grep slapd | grep LISTEN --------- to find portnumber of the various slapd instances
lsof | grep ldaprole | grep LISTEN -------- to find portnumber of various ldaprole instances
ps -ef | grep slapd ---- to find the DS Instances are running or not
export PATH=$PATH:/opt/sfw/bin -------------- to export the bin path
kill -9 PID
Kill PID
nohup Run the command in the background
& Run the command even if Putty gets logged out
gzip -dc "filename.tar.gz" | tar -xof - ( For
Roles:
id to get the current ID
sudo su - eisadmin to get eisadmin permissions
sudo stop/start
sudo -l to get the list of sudo permissions
sudo su - root ------ to get the root permissions
sudo su - ldaprole to get ldaprole permission
About other people:
w --- tells you who's logged in, and what they're doing. Especially useful: the 'idle' part. This allows you to see whether they're actually sitting there typing away at their keyboards right at the moment.
who --- tells you who's logged on, and where they're coming from. Useful if you're looking for someone who's actually physically in the same building as you, or in some other particular location.
finger username --- gives you lots of information about that user, e.g. when they last read their mail and whether they're logged in. Often people put other practical information, such as phone numbers and addresses, in a file called .plan. This information is also displayed by 'finger'.
last -1 username --- tells you when the user last logged on and off and from where. Without any options, last will give you a list of everyone's logins.
talk username --- lets you have a (typed) conversation with another user
write username --- lets you exchange one-line messages with another user
elm --- lets you send e-mail messages to people around the world (and, of course, read them). It's not the only mailer you can use, but the one we recommend. See the elm page, and find out about the departmental mailing lists (which you can also find in /user/linguistics/helpfile).
About your self
whoami --- returns your username. Sounds useless, but isn't. You may need to find out who it is who forgot to log out somewhere, and make sure *you* have logged out.
finger & .plan files
of course you can finger yourself, too. That can be useful e.g. as a quick check whether you got new mail. Try to create a useful .plan file soon. Look at other people's .plan files for ideas. The file needs to be readable for everyone in order to be visible through 'finger'. Do 'chmod a+r .plan' if necessary. You should realize that this information is accessible from anywhere in the world, not just to other people on turing.
passwd --- lets you change your password, which you should do regularly (at least once a year). See the LRB guide and/or look at help password.
ps -u yourusername --- lists your processes. Contains lots of information about them, including the process ID, which you need if you have to kill a process. Normally, when you have been kicked out of a dialin session or have otherwise managed to get yourself disconnected abruptly, this list will contain the processes you need to kill. Those may include the shell (tcsh or whatever you're using), and anything you were running, for example emacs or elm. Be careful not to kill your current shell - the one with the number closer to the one of the ps command you're currently running. But if it happens, don't panic. Just try again :) If you're using an X-display you may have to kill some X processes before you can start them again. These will show only when you use ps -efl, because they're root processes.
kill PID --- kills (ends) the processes with the ID you gave. This works only for your own processes, of course. Get the ID by using ps. If the process doesn't 'die' properly, use the option -9. But attempt without that option first, because it doesn't give the process a chance to finish possibly important business before dying. You may need to kill processes for example if your modem connection was interrupted and you didn't get logged out properly, which sometimes happens.
quota -v --- show what your disk quota is (i.e. how much space you have to store files), how much you're actually using, and in case you've exceeded your quota (which you'll be given an automatic warning about by the system) how much time you have left to sort them out (by deleting or gzipping some, or moving them to your own computer).
du filename --- shows the disk usage of the files and directories in filename (without argument the current directory is used). du -s gives only a total.
last yourusername --- lists your last logins. Can be a useful memory aid for when you were where, how long you've been working for, and keeping track of your phonebill if you're making a non-local phonecall for dialling in.
Connecting to the outside world
nn --- allows you to read news. It will first let you read the news local to turing, and then the remote news. If you want to read only the local or remote news, you can use nnl or nnr, respectively. To learn more about nn type nn, then \tty{:man}, then \tty{=.*}, then \tty{Z}, then hit the space bar to step through the manual. Or look at the man page. Or check out the hypertext nn FAQ - probably the easiest and most fun way to go.
rlogin hostname --- lets you connect to a remote host
telnet hostname --- also lets you connect to a remote host. Use rlogin whenever possible.
ftp hostname --- lets you download files from a remote host which is set up as an ftp-server. This is a common method for exchanging academic papers and drafts. If you need to make a paper of yours available in this way, you can (temporarily) put a copy in /user/ftp/pub/TMP. For more permanent solutions, ask Emma. The most important commands within ftp are get for getting files from the remote machine, and put for putting them there (mget and mput let you specify more than one file at once). Sounds straightforward, but be sure not to confuse the two, especially when your physical location doesn't correspond to the direction of the ftp connection you're making. ftp just overwrites files with the same filename. If you're transferring anything other than ASCII text, use binary mode.
lynx --- lets you browse the web from an ordinary terminal. Of course you can see only the text, not the pictures. You can type any URL as an argument to the G command. When you're doing this from any Stanford host you can leave out the .stanford.edu part of the URL when connecting to Stanford URLs. Type H at any time to learn more about lynx, and Q to exit
date --- shows the current date and time.
cal --- shows a calendar of the current month. Use e.g., 'cal 10 1995' to get that for October 95, or 'cal 1995' to get the whole year
VI Editor Commands:
Saving a file:
:w
:w newfile
:w! prevfile
Exit vi:
:x
:wq
:q
:q!
Moving the Cursor:
j or
k [or up-arrow] move cursor up one line
0 (zero) move cursor to start of current line (the one with the cursor)
$ move cursor to end of current line
:0
:$
Screen Manipulation:
^f move forward one screen
^b move backward one screen
Text Editor:
u UNDO WHATEVER YOU JUST DID; a simple toggle
i insert text before cursor, until
I insert text at beginning of current line, until
a append text after cursor, until
A append text to end of current line, until
o open and put text in a new line below current line, until
O open and put text in a new line above current line, until
r replace single character under cursor (no
x delete single character under cursor
dd delete entire current line
D delete the remainder of the line, starting with current cursor position
yy copy (yank, cut) the current line into the buffer
p put (paste) the line(s) in the buffer into the text after the current line
/string search forward for occurrence of string in text
?string search backward for occurrence of string in text
Crontab
Crontab
cron is a unix, solaris utility that allows tasks to be automatically run in the background at regular intervals by the cron daemon. These tasks are often termed as cron jobs in unix , solaris.
Crontab (CRON TABle) is a file which contains the schedule of cron entries to be run and at specified times.
2. Crontab Commands
__________
export EDITOR=vi ;to specify a editor to open crontab file.
crontab -e Edit your crontab file, or create one if it doesn't already exist.
crontab -l Display your crontab file.
crontab -r Remove your crontab file.
crontab -v Display the last time you edited your crontab file. (This option is only available on a few systems.)
3. Crontab file
___________
Crontab syntax :-
A crontab file has five fields for specifying day , date and time followed by the command to be run at that interval.
* * * * * command to be executed
- - - - -
| | | | |
| | | | +----- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0)
| | | +------- month (1 - 12)
| | +--------- day of month (1 - 31)
| +----------- hour (0 - 23)
+------------- min (0 - 59)
* in the value field above means all legal values as in braces for that column.
The value column can have a * or a list of elements separated by commas. An element is either a number in the ranges shown above or two numbers in the range separated by a hyphen (meaning an inclusive range).
Note: The specification of days can be made in two fields: month day and weekday. If both are specified in an entry, they are cumulative meaning both of the entries will get executed
minute hour dom month dow user cmd
minute This controls what minute of the hour the command will run on,
and is between '0' and '59'
hour This controls what hour the command will run on, and is specified in
the 24 hour clock, values must be between 0 and 23 (0 is midnight)
dom This is the Day of Month, that you want the command run on, e.g. to
run a command on the 19th of each month, the dom would be 19.
month This is the month a specified command will run on, it may be specified
numerically (0-12), or as the name of the month (e.g. May)
dow This is the Day of Week that you want a command to be run on, it can
also be numeric (0-7) or as the name of the day (e.g. sun).
user This is the user who runs the command.
cmd This is the command that you want run. This field may contain
multiple words or spaces.
If you don't wish to specify a value for a field, just place a * in the
field.
e.g.
01 * * * * root echo "This command is run at one min past every hour"
17 8 * * * root echo "This command is run daily at 8:17 am"
17 20 * * * root echo "This command is run daily at 8:17 pm"
00 4 * * 0 root echo "This command is run at 4 am every Sunday"
* 4 * * Sun root echo "So is this"
42 4 1 * * root echo "This command is run 4:42 am every 1st of the month"
01 * 19 07 * root echo "This command is run hourly on the 19th of July"
4. Crontab Example
_______
A line in crontab file like below removes the tmp files from /home/someuser/tmp each day at 6:30 PM.
30 18 * * * rm /home/someuser/tmp/*
Changing the parameter values as below will cause this command to run at different time schedule below :
min hour day/month month day/week Execution time
30 0 1 1,6,12 * -- 00:30 Hrs on 1st of Jan, June & Dec.
:
0 20 * 10 1-5 --8.00 PM every weekday (Mon-Fri) only in Oct.
:
0 0 1,10,15 * * -- midnight on 1st ,10th & 15th of month
:
5,10 0 10 * 1 -- At 12.05,12.10 every Monday & on 10th of every month
:
Note : If you inadvertently enter the crontab command with no argument(s), do not attempt to get out with Control-d. This removes all entries in your crontab file. Instead, exit with Control-c.
5. Crontab Environment
___________
cron invokes the command from the user's HOME directory with the shell, (/usr/bin/sh).
cron supplies a default environment for every shell, defining:
HOME=user's-home-directory
LOGNAME=user's-login-id
PATH=/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:.
SHELL=/usr/bin/sh
Users who desire to have their .profile executed must explicitly do so in the crontab entry or in a script called by the entry.
6. Disable Email
____________
By default cron jobs sends a email to the user account executing the cronjob. If this is not needed put the following command At the end of the cron job line .
>/dev/null 2>&1
7. Generate log file
________________
To collect the cron execution execution log in a file :
30 18 * * * rm /home/someuser/tmp/* > /home/someuser/cronlogs/clean_tmp_dir.log
Examples
to run at crontab at a specific first day of the month, you cant just put 0 for sunday as example, because it would run on all sundays in that month so i believe you need to include from 1-7 for your day of Month parameter. that would rule out any specific day's running twice.
so for the first sunday of every month:
at 1 30 pm
30 13 1-7 * 0
if you want to run every other sunday, you just change it like this:
30 13 1-7,15-21 * 0
for the first, third and last sunday of a month
1-7,15-28
How do i run this job on alternate days ?
0 8 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 * 0 cmd
cron is a unix, solaris utility that allows tasks to be automatically run in the background at regular intervals by the cron daemon. These tasks are often termed as cron jobs in unix , solaris.
Crontab (CRON TABle) is a file which contains the schedule of cron entries to be run and at specified times.
2. Crontab Commands
__________
export EDITOR=vi ;to specify a editor to open crontab file.
crontab -e Edit your crontab file, or create one if it doesn't already exist.
crontab -l Display your crontab file.
crontab -r Remove your crontab file.
crontab -v Display the last time you edited your crontab file. (This option is only available on a few systems.)
3. Crontab file
___________
Crontab syntax :-
A crontab file has five fields for specifying day , date and time followed by the command to be run at that interval.
* * * * * command to be executed
- - - - -
| | | | |
| | | | +----- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0)
| | | +------- month (1 - 12)
| | +--------- day of month (1 - 31)
| +----------- hour (0 - 23)
+------------- min (0 - 59)
* in the value field above means all legal values as in braces for that column.
The value column can have a * or a list of elements separated by commas. An element is either a number in the ranges shown above or two numbers in the range separated by a hyphen (meaning an inclusive range).
Note: The specification of days can be made in two fields: month day and weekday. If both are specified in an entry, they are cumulative meaning both of the entries will get executed
minute hour dom month dow user cmd
minute This controls what minute of the hour the command will run on,
and is between '0' and '59'
hour This controls what hour the command will run on, and is specified in
the 24 hour clock, values must be between 0 and 23 (0 is midnight)
dom This is the Day of Month, that you want the command run on, e.g. to
run a command on the 19th of each month, the dom would be 19.
month This is the month a specified command will run on, it may be specified
numerically (0-12), or as the name of the month (e.g. May)
dow This is the Day of Week that you want a command to be run on, it can
also be numeric (0-7) or as the name of the day (e.g. sun).
user This is the user who runs the command.
cmd This is the command that you want run. This field may contain
multiple words or spaces.
If you don't wish to specify a value for a field, just place a * in the
field.
e.g.
01 * * * * root echo "This command is run at one min past every hour"
17 8 * * * root echo "This command is run daily at 8:17 am"
17 20 * * * root echo "This command is run daily at 8:17 pm"
00 4 * * 0 root echo "This command is run at 4 am every Sunday"
* 4 * * Sun root echo "So is this"
42 4 1 * * root echo "This command is run 4:42 am every 1st of the month"
01 * 19 07 * root echo "This command is run hourly on the 19th of July"
4. Crontab Example
_______
A line in crontab file like below removes the tmp files from /home/someuser/tmp each day at 6:30 PM.
30 18 * * * rm /home/someuser/tmp/*
Changing the parameter values as below will cause this command to run at different time schedule below :
min hour day/month month day/week Execution time
30 0 1 1,6,12 * -- 00:30 Hrs on 1st of Jan, June & Dec.
:
0 20 * 10 1-5 --8.00 PM every weekday (Mon-Fri) only in Oct.
:
0 0 1,10,15 * * -- midnight on 1st ,10th & 15th of month
:
5,10 0 10 * 1 -- At 12.05,12.10 every Monday & on 10th of every month
:
Note : If you inadvertently enter the crontab command with no argument(s), do not attempt to get out with Control-d. This removes all entries in your crontab file. Instead, exit with Control-c.
5. Crontab Environment
___________
cron invokes the command from the user's HOME directory with the shell, (/usr/bin/sh).
cron supplies a default environment for every shell, defining:
HOME=user's-home-directory
LOGNAME=user's-login-id
PATH=/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:.
SHELL=/usr/bin/sh
Users who desire to have their .profile executed must explicitly do so in the crontab entry or in a script called by the entry.
6. Disable Email
____________
By default cron jobs sends a email to the user account executing the cronjob. If this is not needed put the following command At the end of the cron job line .
>/dev/null 2>&1
7. Generate log file
________________
To collect the cron execution execution log in a file :
30 18 * * * rm /home/someuser/tmp/* > /home/someuser/cronlogs/clean_tmp_dir.log
Examples
to run at crontab at a specific first day of the month, you cant just put 0 for sunday as example, because it would run on all sundays in that month so i believe you need to include from 1-7 for your day of Month parameter. that would rule out any specific day's running twice.
so for the first sunday of every month:
at 1 30 pm
30 13 1-7 * 0
if you want to run every other sunday, you just change it like this:
30 13 1-7,15-21 * 0
for the first, third and last sunday of a month
1-7,15-28
How do i run this job on alternate days ?
0 8 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 * 0 cmd
Tuesday, February 16, 2010
Solaris df,du and ls commands
Solaris df command
New df, du, and ls Options
The df, du, and ls commands have a new h option for displaying disk usage and file or file system sizes that are easy to understand.
The default form of the df command displays file system size in blocks (512 bytes). The df output, in kilobytes, follows:
$ df -k / /usr
Filesystem kbytes used avail capacity Mounted on
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 192056 94788 78063 55% /
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6 1982988 829966 1093533 44% /usr
The same file system sizes displayed in powers of 1024 follows:
$ df -h / /usr
Filesystem size used avail capacity Mounted on
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 188M 93M 76M 55% /
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6 1.9G 811M 1.0G 44% /usr
The default form of the du command displays disk space in blocks (512 bytes). The du output, in blocks, follows:
% du -s k*
100 kadmin
98 kadmin.local
98 kdb5_util
90 keyserv
10 killall
The same disk space displayed in powers of 1024 follows:
% du -h k*
50K kadmin
49K kadmin.local
49K kdb5_util
45K keyserv
5K killall
The default form of the ls -l command displays file size in bytes. Use the ls -lh command to display file size in powers of 1024:
% ls -lh k
-r-xr-xr-x 1 root bin 49K Nov 30 03:32 kadmin
-r-xr-xr-x 1 root bin 49K Nov 30 03:32 kadmin.local
-r-xr-xr-x 1 root bin 49K Nov 30 03:32 kdb5_util
-r-xr-xr-x 1 root sys 44K Nov 25 04:37 keyserv
-r-xr-xr-x 1 root bin 4.3K Nov 25 04:36 killall
New df, du, and ls Options
The df, du, and ls commands have a new h option for displaying disk usage and file or file system sizes that are easy to understand.
The default form of the df command displays file system size in blocks (512 bytes). The df output, in kilobytes, follows:
$ df -k / /usr
Filesystem kbytes used avail capacity Mounted on
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 192056 94788 78063 55% /
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6 1982988 829966 1093533 44% /usr
The same file system sizes displayed in powers of 1024 follows:
$ df -h / /usr
Filesystem size used avail capacity Mounted on
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 188M 93M 76M 55% /
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6 1.9G 811M 1.0G 44% /usr
The default form of the du command displays disk space in blocks (512 bytes). The du output, in blocks, follows:
% du -s k*
100 kadmin
98 kadmin.local
98 kdb5_util
90 keyserv
10 killall
The same disk space displayed in powers of 1024 follows:
% du -h k*
50K kadmin
49K kadmin.local
49K kdb5_util
45K keyserv
5K killall
The default form of the ls -l command displays file size in bytes. Use the ls -lh command to display file size in powers of 1024:
% ls -lh k
-r-xr-xr-x 1 root bin 49K Nov 30 03:32 kadmin
-r-xr-xr-x 1 root bin 49K Nov 30 03:32 kadmin.local
-r-xr-xr-x 1 root bin 49K Nov 30 03:32 kdb5_util
-r-xr-xr-x 1 root sys 44K Nov 25 04:37 keyserv
-r-xr-xr-x 1 root bin 4.3K Nov 25 04:36 killall
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